CURRENT ISSUE

ABSTRACT: Coronary artery disease remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Chronic Coronary disease one of its most common clinical forms, reflects the combined effects of age, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. This study analyzed national administrative data from Kazakhstan between 2014 and 2021 to explore trends in Chronic Coronary disease incidence, comorbidities, and mortality among patients coded under ICD-10 codes I20–I20.9 within the Unified National Electronic Healthcare System (UNEHS). A total of 624,852 patients with Chronic Coronary disease were identified through the national electronic health system. Demographic, clinical, and outcome indicators were examined to assess trends and disparities across sex, ethnicity, and place of residence. During the study period, the recorded incidence of Chronic Coronary disease decreased from 584 to 211 cases per 100,000 population, whereas the mortality rate rose from 19 to 100 per 100,000. The 2014 incidence figure should be interpreted with caution as it likely reflects a prevalent pool effect at the inception of systematic UNEHS data capture. Mortality was highest among men, older adults, ethnic Russians, and rural residents. Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting showed better survival than those treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, though this comparison should be interpreted cautiously given potential confounding by indication. Hypertension, diabetes, and multiple comorbidities substantially increased the risk of death and adverse cardiovascular events. These results underline widening health inequalities and the urgent need for improved prevention, equitable access to care, and integrated management of chronic cardiovascular disease in Kazakhstan.

ABSTRACT: Background: Obesity is increasingly understood as a health outcome shaped by social conditions, yet evidence on socioeconomic inequalities in obesity in South Korea remains mixed, particularly with regard to lifestyle behaviours and sex differences.
Methods: This study uses pooled data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2022–2024 (N=11,714 adults aged 19–64 years). Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m². Socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed using education, income, occupation, and a composite SES index. Lifestyle factors, including physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, and working hours, were included in sequential regression models to assess whether associations between socioeconomic status and obesity were attenuated after adjustment for these factors. Survey-weighted logistic regression models were estimated, with additional analyses stratified by sex.
Results: Lower socioeconomic status was associated with a higher likelihood of obesity, although the strength and pattern of this relationship differed between men and women. Among women, clear inverse gradients were observed across education, income, and the composite SES index. Among men, associations were weaker and less consistent. Adjustment for lifestyle factors attenuated several socioeconomic associations with obesity, although socioeconomic differences remained evident, particularly among women. The composite SES index showed more consistent associations than individual socioeconomic indicators.
Conclusion: Socioeconomic inequalities in obesity persist in South Korea and differ substantially by sex. Associations between socioeconomic status and obesity were attenuated after adjustment for lifestyle factors, although socioeconomic differences remained evident after adjustment. These findings highlight the importance of considering both behavioural and broader structural factors when addressing obesity inequalities.