ABSTRACT: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global threat, and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) bears a disproportionate share of this burden. This narrative review examines how deficiencies in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) contribute to AMR in SSA. It draws on peer-reviewed literature, institutional reports, and regional policy documents published between 2015 and 2025. Sources were identified through databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and WHO/UN databases using combinations of keywords including ‘AMR’, ‘WASH’, ‘Sub-Saharan Africa’, and ‘One Health’. We survey recent literature on the regional AMR problem, the role of inadequate WASH in propagating resistant infections among humans, animals, and the environment, and the relevance of a One Health approach. Key themes include the high AMR mortality in Africa, the persistence of antibiotic residues and pathogens in poorly managed water and sanitation systems, and how poverty-related WASH gaps drive frequent infections that require antibiotics. Evidence suggests that unsafe water and sanitation facilitate the environmental circulation of resistant bacteria and genes. The One Health framework is highlighted as essential for addressing these links, since AMR crosses human, animal, and ecological domains. We conclude that improving WASH infrastructure and practices, alongside integrated AMR strategies, is critical to curb resistance in the region. Focusing on WASH under a One Health perspective can reveal overlooked pathways of AMR spread and inform targeted interventions in SSA.

ABSTRACT: Goals. To assess demographic trends in Uzbekistan (2010–2024) and evaluate the need for geriatric care with a moderate increase in the proportion of persons 65 +, comparing them with health resources.
Materials and Methods. Retrospective analysis of official data from the Statistics Agency of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2010-2024): population, share of 65 +, birth rate, mortality, life expectancy, health care resources (beds, doctors, outpatient network). The forecast for 2025 was performed by linear extrapolation (total population: y = 679.65x + 27.974, R² = 0.99; age 65+: y = 74.05x + 1.140, R² = 0.98; 95% CI for 65+ = 2.18–2.28 million). The standard for the need for geriatricians was estimated according to the Russian benchmark of 1 geriatrician/20,000 elderly.
Results. The population increased from 28.00 million (2010) to 37.80 million (2024); forecast for 2025 - 38.17 million. The share of 65 + increased from 3.9% (2013) to 5.6% (2024); forecast for 2025 - 5.8% (~ 2.23 million). Able-bodied - 56.2% (2024). In 2023, the provision was 47.4 beds and 28.7 doctors per 10,000 population; outpatient organizations increased to 8011. Circulatory system diseases - 57.6% of deaths (2024). According to the standard, about 112 geriatricians are required with an estimated current availability of 0-100 specialists.
Conclusions. Against the background of the low proportion of 65 + and expanding general health resources, the creation of a separate branched geriatric service is not a priority. Rationally - integration of geriatric consultants into large centers (Tashkent, Samarkand, Fergana, etc.) for the management of multimorbidity and geriatric syndromes, while strengthening the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases in the predominant young population. Monitoring of age-specific mortality/morbidity rates and validated indicators of the functional status of the elderly is needed.

ABSTRACT: Background. This study examined the reporting practice of subgroup effects of meta-analytic research published in the leading journal of the ILAE.
Methods. We selected studies that used ratio measures and employed subgroup analyses. Subgroup differences were calculated as the difference between the log-transformed estimates over the square root of the sum of the squared standard errors. For the calculated test scores, a corresponding two-tailed p-value was calculated using the standard normal cumulative distribution function. The authors also conducted additional analyses accounting for multiple comparisons.
Results. The literature search identified 55 publications, of which 14 (25 %) were included. Neither study used a formal test to compare the subgroups. The number of reported subgroup estimates ranged from 2 to 20, and the number of pairwise comparisons ranged from 1 to 53. Overall, there were 187 comparisons, resulting in a median log difference of 0 (IQR 0.12 – 0.17) and a range from -2.92 to 2.32. The median p-value was 0.54 (IQR 0.21-0.85) with 18 (9%) comparisons showing p-values lower than the conventional significance level, whereas 6 and 21 contrasts were 0.05 < p ≤ 0.10 and 0.10 < p ≤ 0.20, respectively. Seven (4%) comparisons resulted in a p-value lower than the corrected significance level when adjusted for multiple comparisons.
Conclusion. There was a lack of compliance with the reporting guidelines. The findings from the subgroup analyses were commonly interpreted without employing a formal test. There is need to emphasize the importance of adherence to established reporting standards when presenting the subgroup effects.