Keyword: Cardiovascular Disease

ABSTRACT: Coronary artery disease remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Chronic Coronary disease one of its most common clinical forms, reflects the combined effects of age, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic conditions. This study analyzed national administrative data from Kazakhstan between 2014 and 2021 to explore trends in Chronic Coronary disease incidence, comorbidities, and mortality among patients coded under ICD-10 codes I20–I20.9 within the Unified National Electronic Healthcare System (UNEHS). A total of 624,852 patients with Chronic Coronary disease were identified through the national electronic health system. Demographic, clinical, and outcome indicators were examined to assess trends and disparities across sex, ethnicity, and place of residence. During the study period, the recorded incidence of Chronic Coronary disease decreased from 584 to 211 cases per 100,000 population, whereas the mortality rate rose from 19 to 100 per 100,000. The 2014 incidence figure should be interpreted with caution as it likely reflects a prevalent pool effect at the inception of systematic UNEHS data capture. Mortality was highest among men, older adults, ethnic Russians, and rural residents. Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting showed better survival than those treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, though this comparison should be interpreted cautiously given potential confounding by indication. Hypertension, diabetes, and multiple comorbidities substantially increased the risk of death and adverse cardiovascular events. These results underline widening health inequalities and the urgent need for improved prevention, equitable access to care, and integrated management of chronic cardiovascular disease in Kazakhstan.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality and disability in Central Asia. This study analyzes trends in CVD burden across nine countries from 1990 to 2021, identifies major subtypes, explores sex and country-level disparities, and forecasts trends through 2050.
Methods: We used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study to assess age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASYRs) for CVDs and their subtypes in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Forecasts were generated using GBD reference and alternative risk-reduction scenarios.
Results: In 2021, the average ASDR for CVDs in the region was 436.1 per 100,000 population, nearly twice that for respiratory infections and tuberculosis. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke accounted for 89% of total CVD deaths. Turkmenistan reported the highest ASDR (552.2 per 100,000), while Armenia reported the lowest (314.8 per 100,000). Kazakhstan had the highest stroke-related ASDR at 163.0 per 100,000. Men experienced 1.5 times higher ASDR (538.2 vs. 365.7 per 100,000) and ASYR (10966.6 vs. 6807.5 per 100,000) than women. While most countries reduced ASDRs from 1990 to 2021, Uzbekistan showed a 0.7% increase. Forecasts project a regional decline in ASDR by 2050 in both improved-risk-factor and reference scenarios.
Conclusion: CVDs remain the dominant health burden in Central Asia. Evidence-based prevention, improved hypertension control, and health system strengthening are essential to achieving future gains and reducing premature cardiovascular mortality.